From Australia to India, China’s rifts with major trade partners are a growing economic threat China has disputes or strained ties with 12 of its top 20 export destinations. While countries individually need China more than it needs them, collectively this argument is harder to make. by Neal Kimberley

Workers wearing face masks rope a container ship at a port in Qingdao, Shandong province.

As China’s global footprint evolves, points of difference will arise with other nations. That’s unavoidable, but currently Beijing is getting embroiled in too many economic disputes with major trading partners. These economic disputes could collectively pose a material risk not only to China’s export sector but to the prospects for the Chinese economy as a whole. 

On a country-by-country basis, it could plausibly be argued that other nations need China more than China needs them, but collectively that argument is harder to make. A glance at China’s 

top export destinations

 for goods in 2019, as collated by the International Monetary Fund, illustrates this.

In order of importance, these were the United States, Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea, Vietnam, Germany, India, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Taiwan, Singapore, Malaysia, Russia, Australia, Mexico, Indonesia, Thailand, the Philippines, Canada and Brazil.

On the plus-side, China’s economic relations with Russia 

are cordial

. Additionally, of those top 20 export partners, China has 

free-trade agreements

 with Australia, Singapore and South Korea. China also has a free-trade agreement with the 10-country Association of Southeast Asian Nations as well as a 

Closer Economic and Partnership Arrangement

 with Hong Kong.

(From left) Singapore’s Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong, China’s Prime Minister Li Keqiang, Thailand’s Prime Minister Prayuth Chan-ocha and Vietnam’s Prime Minister Nguyen Xuan Phuc link hands for a photo during the 22nd Asean-China Summit in Thailand on November 3, 2019. Photo: EPA-EFE

Of course, a free-trade agreement is no guarantee of a harmonious economic relationship, as is apparent in the recent 

deterioration in trade ties

 between Australia and China, a deterioration that has accompanied a marked 

souring

 in broader Beijing-Canberra relations.

China’s exporters sold US$48.1 billion of goods to Australia in 2019, far less than China’s US$418.6 billion of exports to its top market, the US, but still good enough to make Australia the 14th most important destination for Chinese goods. And China does rely on Australia for a lot of raw materials which power the Chinese economy.

China’s economic relations with the US, regardless of this year’s 

“phase one” trade deal

, will remain inextricably linked to a developing strategic rivalry between Beijing and Washington.

It’s quite clear that the relationship between the two largest national economies will remain complex. Last week, US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo 

reacted positively

 to a suggestion from Josep Borrell, the foreign policy chief of the European Union, for a formal EU-US dialogue on China.

European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen (left) and European Council President Charles Michel take part in a media conference at the conclusion of an EU-China summit, in video conference format, at the European Council in Brussels on June 22. Photo: AP

In truth, the EU, of which Germany and the Netherlands – China’s sixth and eight most important export partners respectively – are members, won’t fully embrace any US agenda, but Brussels has its own issues with Beijing, not least 

over Hong Kong

.

Indeed, the China-EU relationship is “simultaneously one of the most strategically important and one of the most challenging that we have”, European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen 

said

 on June 22, following a 

video summit

 between herself, European Council President Charles Michel and China’s President Xi Jinping and Premier Li Keqiang.

China regards security legislation for Hong Kong as a domestic matter, but the EU disagrees. Indeed, von der Leyen said last week that the European Union had urged China to reconsider the matter and “conveyed that China risks very negative consequences if it goes forward with imposing this law”.

This issue may yet drive a wedge between China and the EU that will adversely affect the economic relationship between the two.

The issue of Hong Kong is also 

muddying relations

 between Beijing and London. Britain is China’s ninth most important export partner. Additionally, China has 

strained economic relations

 with Canada, another top 20 export destination. And then there’s Asia.

While relations between Beijing and Tokyo are always 

sensitive

, Japan is China’s third most important export market for goods. But Japanese policymakers are concerned Japan has become overreliant on China.

“We have become dependent on China,” Japan’s Economy Minister Yasutoshi Nishimura said recently. “We need to make supply chains more robust and diverse, broadening our supply sources and increasing domestic production.”

Taiwan, China’s 10th most important export partner, is also 

looking to encourage

 Taiwanese investments at home rather than in mainland China.

Elsewhere in Asia, the recent China-India 

military clash

 in the Himalayas has prompted calls within India for an economic boycott of China. India is China’s seventh most important export destination.

Meanwhile, Asean member states such as Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines and Vietnam are all among China’s top 20 most important export markets but all have 

marked differences

 with China over contested territorial claims in the South China Sea.

China finds itself embroiled in too many economic disputes with major export partners. If left unaddressed, those disputes collectively may pose a real risk not only to China’s export sector but to China’s overall economic prospects.